The History Of Ibm Computers Essay - 1811 Words

The history of IBM computers began in 1943, when the company created Mark I weighing nearly 4.5 tons (Yost 25). Already in 1952, the first big lamp computer IBM 701 appeared, and in 1959, IBM introduced the first transistor computers which reached such a level of reliability and performance that the U.S. Air Force found it possible to apply them in the early warning system of air defense (Yost 27-35). IBM is also the developer of the first general purpose computers, first computers with a byte-addressable memory (1964 IBM System/360), as well as Personal Computer (IBM PC, 1981) (Yost 87-90). The company owns such significant scientific and technological developments as the invention of hard drive and floppy drive, Dynamic Random Access Memory application, universal computer language SQL, the discovery of high-temperature superconductivity, and other truly revolutionary innovations. As a result, at one time, IBM was producing up to 90% of all computers in the United States (Yost 113). The architecture of IBM PC became the de facto standard for the whole industry, and its openness greatly contributed to the huge success of IBM PC and mass production of PC-compatible clones by other companies, and, ultimately, to the unfolding of personal computers and computer revolution era. Until now, IBM-compatible computers still make about 90% of all the personal computers produced (Yost 171). However, contrary to its tough principles of intellectual property protection, IBM patentedShow MoreRelatedWhy Did Ibm Decide? Develop The Model 5150?1320 Words   |  6 PagesïÆ'Ëœ Why did IBM decide to develop the Model 5150? Was there a strategic purpose for the company to do so? IBM was already a big name in the market of mini, middle range and mainframe computers. The perspective and promising small computer market, greatly gaining ground due to Apple II and other few, was still a difficult task despite their multi-millionaire efforts. IBM decided to develop the model 5150 on the lines of their first PC model 5100, which was pretty unaffordable for large masses. AppleRead MoreThe 1964 Operating System by IBM Essay1126 Words   |  5 PagesWhy the 1964 Operating System by IBM was so important to how computers are made today? Gary Tibbals Fountainhead College of Technology During a press release April 7, 1964 IBM Board Chairman Thomas J. Watson Jr. announced this was the most important product in the company’s history. (unknown, IBM, 1964). IBM knew that this was a special system due to how the system support was on a wide array of applications and it was the first operating system to require direct-access storage devicesRead MoreThe Evolution Of Computers During World War II961 Words   |  4 Pages The Evolution Of Computers In 1937, J.V. Atanasoff, a professor of physics and mathematics at Iowa State University, attempts to build the first computer without gears, cams, belts, and shafts. Then, in 1941 Atanasoff and his graduate student, Clifford berry, design a computer that can solve 29 equations simultaneously. This is the first computer that can store information on its main memory. Then, in 1943 Project Whirlpool begins, during World War 2 the U.S Navy askedRead MoreThe History of the Disk Operating System (DOS)998 Words   |  4 PagesThe History of the Disk Operating System (DOS) At the outset, before the advent of user friendly operating systems, computers were run using the operating system CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers). The program itself looked simple, but the complexity of its use meant that not many fully understood how to use it. As the program was also limited in use, since it was designed for 8-bit systems, a new operating system was needed when 16-bit IBM systems came out. IBM tried to purchaseRead MoreThe History of IBM Essay976 Words   |  4 Pages International Business Machines Corporation, better known as IBM, is a corporation that is and always has been based completely around information handling. From their first scales, to the super computers of today, almost all of IBM’s products have been designed and developed to record, process, communicate, store, or retrieve information. IBM has been a leading developer and innovator from the late 19th century up to today. 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All of their free time and little money were spent working in that high school terminal. The development that really instated everything in the business sense was when they read an article in 1971, in the business magazine regarding Intel s 4004 chip. Soon they both got access about theRead MoreA Brief History of Personal Computers1304 Words   |  6 PagesA Brief History of Personal Computers The electronic computer is a relatively modern invention; the first fully operable computer was developed about 50 years ago, at the end of World War II, by a team at the University of Pennsylvania s Moore School of Engineering. This team was headed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, who named the new machine ENIAC, for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator. ENIAC was hardly a personal computer, occupying a large room and weighing about 33 tonsRead MoreThe Ibm Personal Computer And Its Effect1523 Words   |  7 Pages The IBM Personal Computer and Its Effect Harsh Moolani U. S. History 241 Patricia Minter November 7, 2014 In United States history, there have been few inventions that have completely astonished the whole nation; the personal computer was one of them. The introduction of the IBM Personal Computer in the United States created a novel, profound interest in technology in the 1980s. PC Magazine from February 1982 indicated that technology was slowly improving around that time, but the personal

The Character and Psyche of Owen Meany Essay - 1260 Words

John Irving begins his novel with one of the most iconic introductory lines in modern literature; introducing a character who is a great source of pain and anguish, yet the ultimate source behind the narrator’s belief in God (Irving 3). In this paradoxical sentiment the theme of the book born, what follows it is a journey that is different from any other. John Wheelwright, the narrator, tells a story of his best friend Owen Meany and what effect he has had on John’s own life, while concurrently interjecting the plot with information about the occurrence in the world around him and how it relates back to Owen. Through the uses of sporadic but continuous plot development John Irving develops a self acclaimed Christ-like character whose†¦show more content†¦This qualifies him then to fall under the hero archetype (Guerin), of course, he is an atypical hero, with one of his most heroic actions being that of severing his best friend’s finger off with a diamo nd edged granite saw (Background). His growth into the position of hero is an integral part of the plot and the ultimate catalyst for his undertaking of his quest. Owen did not start out as the perfect hero; in fact, Irving takes a very typical road and develops Owen’s character through series of events that lead up to his taking of his place as the Christ-figure hero (Guerin). Owen starts out as a coward – albeit a coward who refuses to act like one. For instance, he pees his pants when his female cousin is in the same closet as him (Peterson). He is also the source of both the main sorrows of the novel, his own death, and the death of Tabitha Wheelwright, acting as the exact opposite of a hero. He undergoes a metaphorical rebirth to mature into the Christ Hero; who gets his arms blown of by throwing grenade out a window to save some Vietnamese children. The catalyst for this rebirth is paradoxical in that is actually a vision of said rebirth; in the form of Owen†™s vision and subsequent dreams about the circumstances surrounding his death. Irving does this to fulfill the other part of the hero archetype, by giving

Higher Education Policy and Management †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Higher Education Policy and Management. Answer: Introduction In the current age of competitive environment, the development of the leadership is one of the essential requirements that is needed to improve upon the organizational performance. Leadership skill is essential in the context of developing personal growth and that, in turn, will help in a matter of organizational development. The decision implemented by the leader has a strong impact on the growth of individual workers and the performance level. The senior leaders within an organization have the opportunity to deal with major organizational issues, which is mainly possible due to their high level of experience. The successful business organization is entirely dependent upon the leadership skills of the managers that can help them to provide definite organizational goal. It is also the duty of the effective leader to ensure that the main focus of the organization is dependent upon single operational plan. This is possible by developing high level of coordination within the workers. The experienced leaders also have the capability to predict all future adverse condition within the business environment of an organization. Hence, it is possible to develop particular skill within the employee, which is necessary to improve upon their working skills. The current study will focus on the literature review that is based on the importance of leadership in matters of organizational development and personal growth. Statement of Problem With fast changing business environment in various sectors, one of the major challenges that are encountered by large scale business firms is to bring about organizational change. It is also important to note that due to lack of leadership skill it may not be possible for an organization to bring about easy change. There are also issues related to personal growth of the workers, which is not possible without the help of effective leadership. In many cases, the major issues encountered by organization is due to lack of dominance nature of the leaders. This can have a negative impact on the behavior of the employees. The main purpose of leadership decision making is to implement creativity within the management activities. The complex nature of an organization can easily be dealt with various types of leadership skills. From the research paper of Ejimabo (2015), leadership is defined as a process, where an individual is able to influence a group of people within an organization to achieve a single organizational goal. It is also one of the important purpose of leadership to influence the people to work together and provide high level of commitment. Middlehurst (2015), has mentioned one of the effective skill of leaders within an organization is to influence all the stakeholders and convince them about the importance of decision that is being implemented. It is the duty of the leader to gather collective efforts that can help them in the development process of implementing a decision within the management. Leaders have to consider the way of action that is needed to deal with the change that is expected within an organization. It is also one of the major purposes of decision making system to provide commitment of action that can help to provide a discreet and concrete evidence. The decision making capability of a leader determines the rational and concrete phenomena that are involved within a system of rationality. As mentioned in a research work of Puranik, (2015), the leadership decision making skill can help in the process and making of systemic act. This can have a significant influence on the choice that is being implemented within practice. Different styles of leadership and their effect It is important to develop different styles of framework, which is essential in the process of classifying different styles of leadership and their effect. Kurt Lewin has developed an effective framework, which has helped to define three kinds of leadership and their impact in decision making process (Bryman, 2008). The main purpose of the leadership style is to implement different type of solution depending on the situation within the organization. The three major type of leadership style is as follows: In case of autocratic leadership, the manager within an organization has full control over the choice of division that is being implemented by the team members. The leaders are entirely dependent upon their own experience and judgmental value, before implementing any important decisions. In this case, the leaders, do not take into account of advice of any of other workers within an organization. The group leaders are also responsible for providing all types of working Framework that will be implemented in practice. Jack (2017), has highlighted the fact that in case of autocratic leadership, the workers within an organization to not get the opportunity to express out their thoughts. Hence, there is less chance of resolving issue that is faced by the workers. There is also high chance that the popularity of the leader will not be high among the workers. It is also not possible to properly motivate the workers, which is believed to be one of the main function of leadership. On the other hand, Sandra (2012), has argued that autocratic leadership is Highly Effective in cases of implementing quick process of management decision. Hence, it can easily help to deal with critical situation within the organization, where quick process of decision needs to be implemented. There is also less chance of organizational conflict, as the managers do not take into account any opinions provided by the workers. Hence, it is possible to maintain neutrality among the employees in workplace. Participative or Democratic: Contrary to the autocratic style of leadership the participative leadership is based upon implementing important managerial decision, which is based upon the opinion and suggestion provided by the employees at every level. Hence, as mentioned by Florida (2015), all the workers get equal opportunity to participate in the decision-making process. The main positive impact of this type of leadership is that it encourages the workers to take further initiative and provide extra effort within the workplace. Moreover, as the workers get the opportunity to express out their opinion, it is possible for the leader to consider every aspect of the organization before implementing any important decision of change. The leaders often conduct survey analysis and meetings, which can also help them to improve their communication with workers at various levels. The major disadvantage of this type of leadership is due to the fact that the managers have to consider opinions o f a wide group of people. This is usually time-consuming process and also increases the chance of implementing ineffective choice. Delegative: In this form of leadership the managers of an organization provide direct authority to the members to take and implement important decisions with an organization. However, as mentioned by Owens and Valesky, (2007), this kind of leadership has proved to be high time to consume and less productive. This is mainly due to the fact that the organization is dependent upon inexperienced worker to take important decisions. Nevertheless, Florida (2015), has highlighted the fact that the major positive side of the delegative leadership is due to the fact that it can help to provide full working confidence about the matters related to taking managerial decisions. It is also believed to be one of the most effective ways to implement high level of motivation among the workers. The leaders in the organization provide only simple guidance tool to help out workers in matters of implementing important decisions. The style of leadership is mainly implemented with an organization, where wor kers have high level of intrinsic dedications within the performance and achievements of organizational goals. Role of Leaders with respect to organizational Diversity In context of the multicultural global business environment, it is essential to have culturally diverse workforce in a multinational organization. Tohidi (2011), has highlighted the importance of leadership role that is needed in dealing with the behavior of the culturally diverse workforce. The leaders need to play a bigger role in neutralizing the gaps that exist within the workers due to cultural diversity. Personal training sessions are also an important aspect of developing personal growth of the workers. This can be achieved with the help of improving the communication skills of the workers. As a part of personal training session for personal growth, it is important for the leader to decide upon the communication strategy that needs to be implemented. The communication strategies can be implemented in sharing of important business ideas. The organizational policy is also an important component, which helps to encourage about the fact related to organizational diversity. It is also important to consider the facts related to ethical policy that need to be incorporated into organizational strategy. As mentioned by Considine (2011), it is important for the leaders of an organization to ensure that all the ethical strategies are being maintained within the workplace that can help to maintain equality among workers belonging to different cultural background. The top down support is highly influential in the context of dealing with organizational matters. This provides the opportunity for the leader to properly provide guidance to all categories of workers. Emotional intelligence of leadership As per mentioned in the research paper of Middlehurst (2015), leaders having high level of emotional intelligence seek to have high level of challenges. This is believed to be one of the effective opportunity that can help them to create opportunity for personal and organizational development. Emotional intelligence is believed to be one of the important element that is required in the performance of different types of organization. There are various components of effective emotional intelligence that includes understanding of the emotional and cultural values of other individual people. This can help the leader to consider various factors related with that of the cultural diversity within the workplace of an organization. Self-awareness and self-regulation of the leaders are few of the major components that help them to develop emotional intelligence. It is important for the leader to collect proper and detailed information about the performance capability of individual workers. Thi s will help them in the matter of developing emotional intelligence plan that can be highly specific depending upon individual strength and weakness. Empathy is also one of the important skill that needs to be incorporated within the leader. This can be achieved with the help of implementing better communication strategy with the employees and understand their issues at the personal level. Hence, it is possible for them to understand the perspective of other stakeholders and thereby implement an effective democratic decision. It is also possible for the leader to identify the weakness of other workers and thereby implement proper intervention strategies. Mittal and Sindhu (2012), have highlighted upon the importance of social skills. This is also believed to be an extended part of the communication skills that can help in the process of developing emotional intelligence within a leader. This can help them to effectively deal with all organizational conflicts, as with high emotional intelligence it is possible to properly evaluate the exact condition of an organizational crisis situation. Nahavandi (2016), has suggested about the importance of introducing reward system, which is believed to be Highly Effective in providing motivation and encouraging the workers to provide more effort and improve upon individual performance and personal development. 13 Aspects of Effective leadership behavior The research paper of Tourish (2014), have highlighted the 13 aspects of effective leadership behavior that is aimed to improve the organizational strategy. The effective leadership can be defined as the ability to quickly adapt to the changes that occur in the external business environment. It is important for the leaders to have clear sense of the organizational goal and thereby help to provide a fixed strategic direction. This behavior is necessary for the context of dealing with long-term goals and development of relationship with the Employees. It is important to implement effective leadership as a part of providing definite direction. It is also important to mention that different style of leadership can be implemented in various departments of an organization, which will depend upon the demand and organizational goal. Being considerate is believed to be one of the effective skills of the workers, which can help them to maintain sustainability in workforce planning. There is also a strong relationship between job satisfaction and considerate skill of a leader. The training skill is also one of the important aspects of the leader, which help them to maintain integrity. With high quality of the training staffs it is possible to generate high level of productivity. Trustworthiness is another essential skill of the leader, which can help them to raise the confidence level of the workers. It is also believing that due to lack of Trust among the organizational leader and workers, there is a high chance of rising organizational conflicts. As the leaders allow the opportunity to the workers to take active participation in decision making process, it can help them to encourage to take part in open conversation and discuss critical issues. As mentioned by ?erne, Jakli? and kerlavaj (2013), this process is Highly Effective in improving the chance of creating facility within an organization and make best possible use of the human resource. It is the duty of each departmental leader to maintain high level of communication within the workers. This Process can help the departmental leader to track the progress and performance level of individual workers. The interactive communication sessions between the leaders and the workers need to focus on providing particular direction for the workers. This helps the workers to understand the importance of the leader's vision. Dinh et al., (2014), have mentioned about the fact that effective leader needs to act as a role model, which can provide inspiration and motivation to the workers. Hence, it is important for the leaders to have academic credibility, which is a part of the effective leadership. The leaders are also responsible for integrating and creating positive work atmosphere within an organization. As mentioned in the research work of Sandra (2012), it is important to note that ability of the leader to motivate workers in the matter of dealing with Complex situations in workplace. It is the role of the leader of individual department to identify the internal strengths and weaknesses. This can help them to implement proper intervention measures, which is a part of the effective communication strategy. It is also one of the essential features of effective leader to provide proper feedback to every employee depending upon their performance level. This feedback will help in the process of understanding the individual strengths and weakness of workers. It is also one of the effective duty of the leaders to provide proper resources and facilities that are required for individual performance level. An effective leader also needs to take active participation in the matter of taking decisions related to resource allocation. Individual leaders within a department need to appoint effective workers depending upon the job profile. It is also the duty of the leader to properly access capability of individual workers before appointing them within the department. Conclusion From the findings of the literature review, it is clear that effective leadership is one of the essential components that can help in the process of organizational and personal development. There are different styles of leadership that can be implicated depending upon the situation and requirement of the organization. The different style of leadership can have highly diverse influence that depends on the organizational situation. The literature also focusses upon the influence of leaders in maintaining a level of cultural diversity that is believed to be highly essential in the context of Global Business. The leadership skill is highly dependent upon the emotional intelligence of the leaders that help them to properly assess the situation. There are various aspects that are also highlighted in the literature review, which is believed to be an effective part of academic leadership skills. Reference Bryman, A. (2008). Effective Leadership in Higher Education. journal of Studies in Higher Education, 45. ?erne, M., Jakli?, M., kerlavaj, M. (2013). Authentic leadership, creativity, and innovation: A multilevel perspective. Leadership, 9(1), 63-85. Considine, S. (2011). Leadership development seminar. Library Leadership Management, 34. Dinh, J. E., Lord, R. G., Gardner, W. L., Meuser, J. D., Liden, R. C., Hu, J. (2014). Leadership theory and research in the new millennium: Current theoretical trends and changing perspectives. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(1), 36-62. Ejimabo, N. O. (2015). The Influence of Decision Making in Organizational Leadership and Management Activities. Journal of Entrepreneurship Organization Management. Florida, S. (2015). Leaders Influence team Performance and Goal Achievement. journal of entrepreneurship and organization management, 23. Jack, z. (2017). The Inspiring Leader. Journal of Healthcare contracting, 23. Middlehurst, R. (2015). leadership and management in higher education. USA. Mittal, E. V., Sindhu, E. (2012). Emotional intelligence and leadership. Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 12(16). Nahavandi, A. (2016). The Art and Science of Leadership -Global Edition. Pearson. Owens, R., Valesky, T. (2007). Organizational behavior in education: Adaptive Leadership and School Reform. Boston: MA: Pearson Education Inc. Puranik, V. (2015). A literature review of Leadership. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Organization management, 10. Sandra , J. (2012). distributed leadership a collaborative framework for academic executives and professionals in higher education. Journal of higher education policy and management Tohidi, H. (2011). Teamwork productivity and Effectiveness in Organization. Journal of Economics. Tourish, D. (2014). Leadership, more or less? A processual, communication perspective on the role of agency in leadership theory. Leadership, 10(1), 79-98.

Transformation By Marry Shelley Essays - Romanticism, Mary Shelley

Transformation By Marry Shelley So you plant your own garden and decorate Your own soul, instead of waiting For someone to bring you flowers... (Unknown poet) The short story ? Transformation? by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley is a confession of a man, who experiences supernatural adventure that completely changes his personality. One of the most important themes of the story is the struggle of good and evil in a soul of a person. This theme is topical at all times. Every person has his own sins, and he is able to estimate them only if he manages to take a detached view of himself. Happiness of a person depends on weather he is able to fight against dark side of his soul or not. Love and selfless feelings help him in this fight. To convey this theme successfully the author uses the concept of doppelganger. It helps her to develop the character of Guido (the narrator), and to divide his good and bad features. She stresses the importance of what the character sees through his own eyes, how he perceives himself and others around him. In the beginning of the story the narrator characterizes himself as an extremely selfish, elate, careless person, who is not able to control his wild emotions and passions. He looses his father's money only because of that. More than that he is not able to keep the most important person of his life ? his innocent and fragile bride Juliet. Unfortunately, at the moment the narrator does not understand all his mistakes and just continues his wasteful life. Only at the edge of his life, when he is sure that he will die in a while ?I shall soon die here on these lonely sands, and the limbs he covets will be mine no more...? he meets this ugly malignant dwarf and finally realizes all his mistakes. The dwarf actually forces him to find the way out, he shows him all the ugliest sides of his soul and it makes the narrator revalue the meaning of his life. His beautiful appearance and gracefulness is not really important for him any more. He is ready to lay it down for a chance to keep his love. The theme of love is the central one in this story. For me it seems to be very complicated. I have a feeling that in the beginning of the story the narrator does not truly love Juliet. He easily leaves her in Genoa and goes traveling. He comes back in a while, but only because of his pride, he can not accept an idea that she might belong to someone else: ?Another will call her his! ? that smile of paradise will bless another!? His true feelings become clear to the reader only when he starts to fight the dwarf to save Juliet: ?to-morrow my bride was to pledge her vows to a fiend from hell! And I did this! ? my accursed pride ? my democratic violence and wicked self-idolatry had caused this act.? The real ?transformation? of the character begins at the same moment. Being infirm and helpless it is easier for Guido to ?transform? into a better person. At the darkest moment of his life he sees the dream that guides him to fight for his love: ? What did it mean? was my dream but a mirror of the truth? was he wooing and winning my betrothed? I would on the instant back to Genoa...? He is sure that he wants to destroy the fiend, but at the same time it is hard for him to accept an idea that he has to kill his own body. His fear disappears when he sees Juliet with this terrible man, who is nice and handsome outside, but cruel and ugly inside: ?Now I was no longer master of myself. I rushed forward ? I threw myself on him ? I tore him away...? Only true love made the character involve in this deadly action, and he is ready to loose his life for it. Guido wins this fight. Only at the very end of the story the narrator understands that this ugly dwarf is nothing but himself from the inside: ? knowing that him whom she reviled was my very self?. I think that Mary Shelley wants us to understand that a man's soul like the Moon has its two opposite sides ? the bright and the dark one. We all are to fight against our bad features during the life. This

Dissecting Maggie a girl of the streets essays

Dissecting Maggie a girl of the streets essays Maggie, A Girl of the Streets focuses on a young woman turning to the streets of New York in the late nineteenth century. Stephen Crane uses this novella to raise Americas consciousness of the desolate conditions present in urbanized cities. The Industrial Revolution had made production more bearable, but was making life increasingly unlivable for those in certain metropolises. The Industrial Revolution brought change and growth to areas such as New York City. Mechanization in Th work place led to harsher working conditions. Open factories gave way to cramped and unsafe institutions. Many of the new machines were crude versions of what we are aquatinted with today. These machines were often improperly developed and dangerous to use if the operator was not well trained. This resulted in many deaths and disfigurements of those on the clock. Also, this sudden availability of production created greed in the minds of the entrepreneurs. This fervor for creations led to longer and more difficult hours for those employed. The buildings were also poorly ventilated and many workers became ill from inhalation of the charcoal fumes. These close quarters also caused horrible accidents, such as the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire of 1911. One of the most notorious of these institutions was the sweatshop, given this name for their close and sweaty quarters. This labor-intensive strategy could be employed only with a large number of workers. Many persons in these sweatshops were lower-class women with few, if any, other options. They were forced to accept these torturous jobs out of desperation and the proprietors took full advantage of this weakness. They were able to raise hours and lower wages. Sweatshop conditions were detestable. Men operated in small basement rooms, poorly lighted and ventilated. The room may or may not have had a floor, and many were forced to work on bare earth. In another room about twelve...

The Migration of African Americans from the South to the North Research Paper

The Migration of African Americans from the South to the North - Research Paper Example The war had affected their social lives and it was time to rebuild their lives. The new region was in need of labor and the great migration was an effect of the demand for labor. The large number was enough to supply the north with the much-needed labor. Labor was the key factor and that the market was demanding labor after a large number of individual had migrated to Europe to fight the war. The effect of the war and the migration was visible in these regions (Harrison, 2012). Effect on the labor The north migration of African American had an impact on the labor market. According to Tolnay (2003), the migration was prompted by the fact that the labor market was falling short of supply. The European supply of cheap labor was cut short by the ongoing first. The north hence was in demand of labor. This prompted the shift of market from the European region to local labor force. The effect meant that the employers chose to utilize the internal labor markets. The high population of Africa n American in the south made it suitable for sourcing labor. This prompted the migration of people from the south to the north. The market was able to realize a potential labor market and shifted to attract cheap labor sourced from within the nation. A large majority of people were attracted to availability of industries which where potential employers (Harrison, 2012). The labor market grew and was unable to accommodate the rising population. In the short run, the move was effective as they were able to revive the industrial markets.

Technical Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Technical Writing - Essay Example In telecommunication system the decoder, usually a speaker, converts the electrical signals into the sound waves. purposes we can collapse the encoder and the decoder into the medium for we never care about the details of the encoder and the decoder in particular. The changes in encoder and the decoder can be considered to be the changes in the medium. Thus sender, message, medium and receiver are the important components of this basic communication model. (A Communication Model, 1) Application of the Basic Model to Group Communication: Since this a communication model it helps the groups members to communicate amongst themselves as well as with the others. This model also helps the group members access information from Internet. Communication amongst the group members by telephone, mobile phone: Suppose that some of the group members are located at different sites. Communication mode via mobile would be by the above model. In this case each of the group member who would make a call would act as a sender. The microphone in the mobile instrument would convert the sound waves into the waves. In this case air would act as the medium for carrying the waves as mobile is the wireless instrument. Ultimately the group member at the other end would receive these waves by his mobile. Here instrument woul